The Relationship between Macronutrient Intake, Eating Patterns, and Nutritional Knowledge with the Incidence of CED in Pregnant Women
Abstract
Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) during pregnancy remains a significant public health challenge in Indonesia, as it increases the risk of maternal morbidity and adverse neonatal outcomes, such as low birth weight and stunting. In the working area of the North Galesong Public Health Centre, many pregnant women continue to experience CED. However, the specific contributions of dietary composition and behavioural factors remain unclear. This study aimed to analyse factors associated with CED incidence among pregnant women, focusing on macronutrient intake, eating patterns, and nutritional knowledge. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 63 pregnant women. Data were collected through dietary assessments and interviews and analysed using the Chi-Square test. Results: Protein intake (p=0.000), carbohydrate intake (p=0.002), eating patterns (p=0.0001), and nutritional knowledge levels (p=0.001) were statistically significantly associated with CED incidence. Conversely, total energy intake (p=0.962) and fat intake (p=0.695) showed no significant correlation. Conclusion: The nutritional status of expectant mothers in this region is primarily determined by the quality of their intake, specifically protein and carbohydrates, alongside healthy eating habits and health literacy, rather than total caloric volume alone. Therefore, maternal health programs should prioritise intensive nutritional counselling and education on balanced dietary patterns to reduce the prevalence of CED effectively.
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